26 0206:20-05-26 2026:20-05-26 10:02:22.000 0206:20-05-26 utf8 0 Oau Text txt Computermedien c Online-Ressource cr 1971305596 OCoLC 1592116497 KXP 1971305596 eng rda 2026 [2026] https://www.uni-marburg.de/en/fb02/research-groups/economics/macroeconomics/research/magks-joint-discussion-papers-in-economics/papers/2026-papers/02-2026.pdf application/pdf H LF XA-DE Economic sanctions and nationalist solidarity an empirical test of the rally-aroundthe-flag effect in Iran (2005-2020) Mohammad Reza Farzanegan and Hassan F. Gholipour 592020622 Tpv1 gnd/13663303X 303540184 piz Farzanegan Mohammad Reza 1976 VerfasserIn aut 670725374 Tpv3 gnd/1016537921 352351322 piz Fereidouni Hassan Gholipour VerfasserIn aut Marburg Philipps-University Marburg, School of Business and Economics 1 Online-Ressource (circa 23 Seiten) Joint discussion paper series in economics no. 2026, 02 2026,2 601434803 Odv zdb/2499212-4 307645673 1867-3678 Joint discussion paper series in economics publ. by the Universities of Aachen, Gießen, Göttingen, Kassel, Marburg, Siegen Marburg Philipps University Marburg, Department of Business Administration & Economics 2008 2008- no. 2026, 02 FS Iran DE-206 FS Sanctions DE-206 FS Patriotism DE-206 FS Nationalism DE-206 FS Defense DE-206 FS Regime stability DE-206 FS WVS DE-206 34 Over the past two decades, Iran has been the target of various international economic sanctions, notably the U.S. "maximum pressure" campaign, aimed at compelling regime change by imposing costs and stirring public discontent. This study examines patterns consistent with a "rally-around-the-flag" (RAF) response in Iran using pooled cross-sectional survey data from the World Value Survey (WVS) in 2005 (pre- international sanctions) and 2020 (under international sanctions). During the period of harshest sanctions, the percentage of Iranian citizens prioritizing "A strong defense force" more than doubled (from 12.6% to 35.4%), national pride increased across all age groups (from 62.8% to 83.5% expressing they were "Very proud"), and public confidence in the armed forces rose sharply (from 21.4% to 70.2% choosing "A great deal" of confidence), while confidence in the civilian government and parliament showed only marginal increases. Ordinary least squares (OLS) and probit estimations show that the sanction period is positively associated with these nationalist attitudes, even when controlling for a wide range of demographic and attitudinal variables. The strong concentration of confidence in the military rather than in civilian institutions aligns with the theoretical expectations of external-threat mobilization in stable autocracies. These findings suggest that the period of intensified sanctions corresponded with heightened nationalist sentiment and increased solidarity behind key non-civilian state institutions, patterns that are consistent with the behavior of stable autocracies with high repressive capacity. 26 PICA 20-05-26 20-05-26 09:32:18.000 utf8 20-05-26 6878 0206 4967897142 20-05-26 z1z DS 102 08